as the error message indicates the Driver class cannot be used with the JDBC Adapter package, as it cannot be directly casted to base java DataSource class.
Please try to connect using the EXADataSource class instead.
This information can be found in the Exasol driver documentation you have already referenced above under the chapter “Supported Interfaces”.
The config variant in the first screenshot should be the preferred one as it is easier to maintain.
hopefully, you have access to Exasol support team. In this case, report this issue to them to get this verified why the ExaDataSource class is not implementing or extending the javax.sql.DataSource class.
If this is not possible, you willl have to fall back to WmDB package, which works with the Driver class and not with the DataSource class.